Pawsitive aging: How to keep your senior dog happy and healthy

“Dogs are not our whole life, but they make our lives whole.” – Roger Caras 

Caring for a senior dog requires extra attention and adjustments to their lifestyle. Keeping an elder dog happy and healthy involves a combination of regular care, attention to their physical and emotional needs, and adjusting their environment as they age.

Regular veterinary checkups

Regular vet checkups are essential for senior dogs because, as they age, their health needs change, and they become more prone to certain conditions. Just like humans, older dogs experience a natural decline in organ function, immunity, and mobility, making early detection of issues critical for their well-being. Routine visits allow veterinarians to monitor for common age-related problems such as arthritis, dental disease, kidney or liver issues, diabetes, and even cancer, which can often be managed more effectively when caught early. These checkups typically include physical exams, bloodwork, and other diagnostics that can reveal hidden problems before they become severe. Additionally, a vet can provide tailored advice on diet, exercise, and medications to keep a senior dog comfortable and active. By staying proactive with regular care, owners can help extend their dogs’ quality of life and catch any changes in health before they escalate into serious, harder-to-treat conditions.

• Be on the lookout for signs of common senior dog ailments, such as changes in appetite, lethargy, difficulty walking, or excessive panting.
• Any unusual behavior or health changes should be promptly addressed with your vet. Remember, there will be changes in your pet’s health and behavior. Don’t panic, and remember that your dog reads your emotions.

Comfortable living environment

When thinking about a comfortable living environment, you want to think about easy access (from food and water to going outside), non-slip surfaces, lighting, and temperature control.

Easy access

Make their living space easily accessible by using ramps for stairs or furniture. Next, think about using rugs or mats on slippery floors to prevent falls. For stairs in your home, make sure they are well-lit, and if possible, add carpet runners or another nonslip surface. Remove clutter and obstacles that your dog could trip over, and ensure there’s ample space for them to move around comfortably. Also, consider using yellow and blue colors as these are the colors dogs see best.

Bedding considerations

At the same time, you want to provide soft, comfortable bedding to cushion their joints. Ensure they have a soft, supportive bed that’s easy to get in and out of. Older dogs often suffer from joint pain, so an orthopedic bed can help relieve pressure.

When choosing bedding for older dogs, several key considerations can help ensure their comfort and support their aging bodies. First, opt for orthopedic or memory foam beds, which provide extra cushioning to relieve pressure on stiff joints and sore muscles, a common issue for seniors with arthritis or mobility challenges. The thickness of the bed matters too—thicker options offer better support, but it should be low to the ground to make it easy for them to step on and off without straining. A small dog isn’t going to need as much padding as a large dog. Temperature regulation (we’ll talk more about this later) is another factor; older dogs may struggle to maintain body heat, so beds with warming features or soft, insulating materials like fleece can keep them cozy, while breathable fabrics help in warmer climates. Waterproof or washable covers are also practical, as aging dogs can be prone to incontinence or accidents, making cleanup simpler. Finally, consider the size and shape—ensure the bed is large enough for them to stretch out comfortably but fits their preferred sleeping style, whether they curl up or sprawl. Tailoring bedding to these needs can greatly enhance an older dog’s rest and overall well-being.

Increased lighting

We mentioned having well-lit stairs, but you want the house to be well-lit as a whole. Using more light with older pets can significantly improve their quality of life, especially as their senses, like vision, begin to decline with age. Senior pets, such as dogs and cats, often develop conditions like cataracts or general vision impairment, making it harder for them to navigate their surroundings in dim lighting. Brighter environments can help them avoid obstacles, reduce anxiety, and feel more secure, particularly at night when they might need to move around or find their way to food, water, or a litter box. Adequate lighting also allows pet owners to better observe their older animals, making it easier to spot signs of discomfort, injury, or changes in behavior that might require attention. For pets with cognitive decline, such as canine cognitive dysfunction, well-lit spaces can minimize confusion and disorientation. By increasing light in key areas of the home, owners can create a safer, more comfortable environment tailored to the needs of their aging companions.

Temperature control

Another issue that arises is that sometimes senior dogs are more sensitive to temperature extremes. They can’t regulate temperatures like they did when younger. Keep them in a comfortable, moderate environment and ensure they stay hydrated. Each pet is different with what they can and cannot tolerate. Maximus could tolerate the cold very easily, but the heat was something different. Provide warm bedding in cold weather and cool areas in hot weather. In addition, consider pouring water on your dog to cool them down. You should also consider whether or not your pet may need boots for the winter (or summer — think deserts like in Phoenix, Arizona). These boots can provide extra protection. In winter, you may consider having a dog jacket as well.

Nutrition

Here, we should think about three things: a senior-specific diet, weight management, and supplements. One word of caution. Some dogs may be super sensitive or allergic to extra supplements such as glucosamine and condrointin. These are often included in many senior formulas. Maximus could not have these supplements as they caused diarrhea. Some dogs are allergic (glucosamine is derived from shells). Be sure to investigate all options and talk with not only your vet but research on your own. Let me repeat that for those sitting in the back. Do research on your own in addition to what vets say. Let’s be very honest here. People sometimes make mistakes and either miss certain things or make bad judgments. Medicine in America – both veterinary and human has degraded drastically. From personal experience, don’t even trust that a premiere or highly recommended clinic (human or pet) to always get it right. You are your dog’s best advocate, just as you are your best advocate. No two humans or pets are the same.

Senior-specific diet

A senior-specific diet is important for elderly dogs because their nutritional needs evolve as they age, requiring adjustments to support their changing bodies. As metabolism slows, older dogs often need fewer calories to avoid weight gain, which can strain joints and organs, yet they still require high-quality protein to maintain muscle mass and strength. Senior formulas are typically designed with these factors in mind, balancing calorie content while boosting nutrients like omega-3 fatty acids for joint health, antioxidants for immune support, and fiber for digestion—issues that become more prominent with age. Aging dogs may also face dental problems or reduced kidney function, so softer textures and lower phosphorus levels in senior diets can ease chewing and lessen organ stress. Additionally, these diets often include supplements like glucosamine to aid mobility or tailored vitamins to combat age-related decline. By providing a diet crafted for their specific stage of life, owners can help elderly dogs stay healthier, more comfortable, and better equipped to handle the challenges of aging. Remember, there isn’t a specific or standardized formula for senior pet food. There are many varying factors, such as age, breed, and health history, to consider.

Weight management

Maintaining a healthy weight in elder dogs is vital for their overall health and comfort as they age. Carrying extra weight can worsen common age-related issues like arthritis or joint stiffness, putting undue stress on their bones and muscles, which leads to pain and limited mobility. This can create a cycle of inactivity that further deteriorates their physical condition. Conversely, being underweight can sap their strength, diminish muscle mass, and weaken their immune system, making them more vulnerable to illness or slower to heal. A healthy weight supports proper organ function—obesity increases the risk of conditions like diabetes, heart disease, or liver problems, while insufficient weight might hint at malnutrition or underlying health issues. It also keeps them energetic enough for light activity, which boosts both their physical health and mental sharpness. By keeping their weight in check through a vet-recommended diet and appropriate exercise, owners can help their senior dogs live more comfortably and enjoy a higher quality of life in their later years. If your pet is overweight, here are some weight loss tips.

Supplements

Supplements can play a valuable role in supporting the health of senior dogs, addressing common age-related concerns. Glucosamine and chondroitin are among the most popular as they help maintain joint health, reduce inflammation, and improve mobility in dogs with arthritis or stiffness—conditions that often worsen with age. Omega-3 fatty acids, typically from fish oil, are excellent for promoting a healthy coat, reducing joint inflammation, and supporting cognitive function, which can decline in older dogs. Antioxidants like vitamins E and C, or even Coenzyme Q10, can bolster the immune system and combat oxidative stress, helping to slow age-related cellular damage. Probiotics are beneficial for digestive health, especially since senior dogs may experience slower digestion or sensitivity to certain foods. For dogs with weakening bones or muscles, calcium and vitamin D can support skeletal strength, while L-carnitine may aid in maintaining muscle mass and energy levels. Always consult a vet before starting supplements, as they can recommend the right type and dosage based on your dog’s specific needs, size, and health conditions, ensuring they complement rather than conflict with their diet or medications.

Again, do your research by checking forums and research along with using a good — preferably holistic vet.

Exercise and mental stimulation

Notice, we included exercise and mental stimulation. Dogs don’t simply need exercise. They need to be mentally stimulated (so do we).

Modified exercise

You should be exercising dogs of every age, but this changes with seniors. Continue exercise, but adjust the intensity and duration to their capabilities. Short, gentle walks are ideal.

Modifying exercise for senior dogs is essential to keep them active without overtaxing their aging bodies. As dogs get older, their energy levels, joint flexibility, and muscle strength naturally decline, so high-impact activities like long runs or intense fetch sessions should be scaled back to avoid pain or injury, especially for those with arthritis or heart conditions. Instead, opt for shorter, gentler walks—perhaps 10-20 minutes a few times a day—tailored to their stamina, with a focus on flat, soft surfaces like grass to reduce joint stress. Low-impact exercises like swimming can be ideal, as it supports mobility and muscle tone without straining bones or ligaments. Pay attention to their cues—slowing down, limping, or heavy panting means it’s time to rest. The goal is consistency over intensity, adjusting based on their health, weather (avoiding extremes), and vet advice to maintain fitness while prioritizing comfort and safety. If your dog has a heart disease such as congestive heart failure (CHF)

Mental engagement

Mentally exercising senior dogs is a great way to keep their minds sharp and spirits high, especially as physical activity may become limited. One effective method is using puzzle toys or treat-dispensing devices, which challenge them to problem-solve for a reward, engaging their senses and focus. Simple training sessions, like reinforcing basic commands (sit, stay) or teaching new, low-effort tricks (like “paw” or “spin”), can stimulate their brain while strengthening your bond. Keep sessions short, around 5-10 minutes, to avoid fatigue. Scent games are another excellent option; hide treats around the house or yard for them to sniff out, tapping into their natural instincts without requiring much movement. Rotating their toys or introducing novel objects, like a safe household item to explore, can spark curiosity and break monotony. Even a leisurely “sniffari” walk, where they’re allowed to stop and smell as much as they like, provides mental enrichment through sensory input. These activities should be adjusted to their energy and cognitive ability, ensuring they stay engaged and happy without causing frustration or overexertion.

Social interaction

Social interaction is highly beneficial for senior dogs because it helps maintain their emotional well-being and cognitive health as they age. Older dogs, like humans, can become prone to loneliness or boredom, especially if their physical activity decreases, and regular contact with people, other dogs, or even familiar pets can lift their spirits and reduce anxiety. Engaging with others stimulates their minds, keeping them alert and responsive—whether it’s through gentle play with a compatible dog, a visit from a friend, or simply being part of household activities. It also provides sensory enrichment, like hearing voices or feeling a pat, which can combat the mental dullness that sometimes comes with age or conditions like canine cognitive dysfunction. For dogs that still enjoy it, controlled meetups (e.g., with calm, vaccinated dogs) can encourage light movement and reinforce social behaviors. Even small doses of attention from their owners—talking, cuddling, or including them in routines—can boost their mood and sense of security. Tailoring interaction to their comfort level ensures it remains a positive experience, supporting their happiness and quality of life in their later years.

Just remember that older dogs can’t play like they used to. Continue to allow social interaction, as long as it is with other calm and friendly animals.

Grooming and hygiene

Grooming and hygiene are especially important for older dogs because their aging bodies often need extra care to stay healthy and comfortable. As dogs age, their skin can become thinner and less elastic, and their coat may thin or become matted more easily, making regular brushing essential to prevent tangles, remove dead hair, and stimulate circulation. Senior dogs are also more prone to dental issues, so consistent teeth brushing or vet-recommended dental care can help avoid painful infections or tooth loss that affect eating. Their reduced mobility might make self-grooming harder, leading to dirt buildup or skin irritations, while weakened immune systems increase susceptibility to infections if hygiene lapses. Nail trimming becomes critical, too—overgrown nails can cause discomfort or alter their gait, worsening joint problems like arthritis. Bathing, when done with mild, vet-approved products, keeps skin conditions at bay, especially since older dogs may produce more oil or develop lumps needing monitoring. Regular grooming also gives owners a chance to check for abnormalities—like sores, bumps, or fleas—catching health issues early. Overall, good hygiene supports their physical comfort and dignity in their senior years.

Providing extra Comfort and care

• Extra affection
  • Pay close attention to any changes in behavior or mobility.
• Assist with mobility
  • Harnesses and other devices can aid in mobility.
• Hydration and bathroom needs
  • Senior dogs may need to go outside more frequently, especially if they’re having any issues with bladder control or kidney function. Keep an eye on their bathroom habits and ensure they always have access to fresh water.
• Emotional care
  • Senior dogs may experience changes in behavior, such as anxiety or confusion (known as Canine Cognitive Dysfunction). Keep their routine consistent and provide plenty of reassurance and affection.
  • If your dog seems disoriented or anxious, consult your vet about possible treatments or adjustments to their environment.

In summary

Caring for a senior dog involves regular vet checkups to catch age-related issues early, creating a comfortable environment with easy access, non-slip surfaces, good lighting, temperature control, and orthopedic bedding, and providing a senior-specific diet with weight management and vet-approved supplements. Exercise should be gentle, like short walks, paired with mental stimulation from puzzles or scent games, while calm social interactions boost their mood and reduce loneliness. Grooming—brushing, dental care, and nail trimming—maintains hygiene and comfort, and extra care through affection, mobility aids, hydration, and emotional support helps with behavior changes. Monitoring health and consulting a vet ensures their well-being.